Definition

A pulmonary embolism (PE) is a blockage in one of the pulmonary arteries in your lungs. It is usually caused by a blood clot that travels from another part of your body, such as your legs, to your lungs. If left untreated, a PE can be fatal.

Symptoms

The symptoms of a PE can vary depending on the size of the clot and where it is located in your lungs. Some common symptoms include:

• Sudden shortness of breath
• Chest pain or discomfort that worsens with deep breathing or coughing
• Rapid or irregular heartbeat
• Coughing up blood
• Feeling lightheaded or fainting
• Swelling in your leg, usually on one side

If you experience any of these symptoms, seek medical attention immediately.

Causes

The most common cause of a PE is a blood clot that forms in a deep vein in your leg, known as deep vein thrombosis (DVT). The clot can break off and travel to your lungs, causing a blockage. Other factors that can increase your risk of developing a PE include:

• Being immobile for long periods of time, such as during a long flight or hospital stay
• Surgery, especially on the legs or abdomen
• Cancer or cancer treatment
• Smoking
• Obesity
• Pregnancy or recent childbirth
• Family history of blood clots

Prevention

There are several steps you can take to reduce your risk of developing a PE:

• Stay active and avoid sitting or standing for long periods of time
• Quit smoking
• Maintain a healthy weight
• Wear compression stockings if you are at risk for DVT
• Take breaks and move around during long flights or car rides
• Discuss your risk factors with your doctor and follow their recommendations

Treatment

If you are diagnosed with a PE, your treatment will depend on the size and location of the clot, as well as your overall health. Treatment options may include:

• Blood thinners to prevent further clots from forming
• Clot-dissolving medications to break up the clot
• Surgery to remove the clot
• Oxygen therapy to help you breathe

It is important to follow your doctor’s instructions and take all medications as prescribed.

Conclusion

A pulmonary embolism can be a life-threatening condition if left untreated. Knowing the symptoms and risk factors can help you take steps to prevent it from occurring. If you experience any symptoms of a PE, seek medical attention immediately. With prompt treatment, most people recover from a PE without complications.